Divided we fall behind: Why a fragmented EU cannot compete in complex technologies

This study presents a novel complexity-based framework to analyse fragmentation in the EU’s R&I system, highlighting hub connectivity as a critical factor. Drawing on extensive patent and publication data (2000–2023), it finds that European hubs are significantly less interconnected than their US counterparts, particularly in complex technologies such as AI, biotech, and quantum computing. The research underscores not only a performance gap but also structural inefficiencies, calling for more targeted, cross-regional policy interventions to enhance Europe’s innovation competitiveness.