If you are about to have surgery, especially a complicated one, you want the surgeon to have as much information as possible. Simple imaging techniques, like X-rays, are a good starting point, but they are not always sufficient.
For complex procedures, physical 3D models can make a big difference in helping surgeons prepare. These models enable surgeons to visualise and rehearse procedures on patient-specific replicas, improving precision and reducing risks during actual surgeries, benefiting patients.
Back in the 1990s, researchers developed a method that results in highly accurate 3D medical models based on images generated from CT and MRI scans.
They showed that it is possible to produce accurate medical models based on medical image data.
They also developed a selective colouring of medical models so that all relevant information from the images can be transferred to the surgeon.
The models are built using laser photopolymerisation, a 3D printing technology that creates precise, solid objects layer by layer. It uses a laser to cure and harden liquid photopolymer resin. The resin is low-toxicity and can even be used in the theatre room. The entire process from scan to print can take just a few hours.
The application is not too dissimilar to other 3D printing techniques. However, when you are 3D printing something, you input the model you want. In the medical scenario, you must work with imperfect and incomplete information. Part of the challenge with this type of research was interpolating the existing data into a coherent, plausible structure.
Smart algorithms developed in the project and submillimetre accuracy ensured the models capture critical anatomical details.
Safe, colourable resins could be integrated into the models to highlight different areas of interest to the surgeon.
Surgeons from a range of specialities were asked to test out the models with their patients. This survey showed that 40 % of surgeons found the models ‘very useful’, 33 % found them ‘useful’, and 21 % found them ‘essential’.
The series of projects has made significant strides in medical imaging and model production, leading to better surgical planning and improved patient outcomes.